Hypertension: Han YY

Brierley J, Carcillo JA, Choong K, Cornell T, Decaen A, Deymann A, Doctor A, Davis A, Duff J, Dugas MA, Duncan A, Evans B, Feldman J, Felmet K, Fisher G, Frankel L, Jeffries H, Greenwald B, Gutierrez J, Hall M, Han YY, Hanson J, Hazelzet J, Hernan L, Kiff J, Kissoon N, Kon A, Irazuzta J, Irazusta J, Lin J, Lorts A, Mariscalco M, Mehta R, Nadel S, Nguyen T, Nicholson C, Peters M, Okhuysen-Cawley R, Poulton T, Relves M, Rodriguez A, Rozenfeld R, Schnitzler E, Shanley T, Kache S, Skache S, Skippen P, Torres A, von Dessauer B, Weingarten J, Yeh T, Zaritsky A, Stojadinovic B, Zimmerman J, Zuckerberg A. · No affiliation provided · Crit Care Med. · Pubmed #19325359 No free full text.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine calls for the use of clinical guidelines and practice parameters to promote "best practices" and to improve patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: 2007 update of the 2002 American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Guidelines for Hemodynamic Support of Neonates and Children with Septic Shock. PARTICIPANTS: Society of Critical Care Medicine members with special interest in neonatal and pediatric septic shock were identified from general solicitation at the Society of Critical Care Medicine Educational and Scientific Symposia (2001-2006). METHODS: The Pubmed/MEDLINE literature database (1966-2006) was searched using the keywords and phrases: sepsis, septicemia, septic shock, endotoxemia, persistent pulmonary hypertension, nitric oxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines. Best practice centers that reported best outcomes were identified and their practices examined as models of care. Using a modified Delphi method, 30 experts graded new literature. Over 30 additional experts then reviewed the updated recommendations. The document was subsequently modified until there was greater than 90% expert consensus. RESULTS: The 2002 guidelines were widely disseminated, translated into Spanish and Portuguese, and incorporated into Society of Critical Care Medicine and AHA sanctioned recommendations. Centers that implemented the 2002 guidelines reported best practice outcomes (hospital mortality 1%-3% in previously healthy, and 7%-10% in chronically ill children). Early use of 2002 guidelines was associated with improved outcome in the community hospital emergency department (number needed to treat = 3.3) and tertiary pediatric intensive care setting (number needed to treat = 3.6); every hour that went by without guideline adherence was associated with a 1.4-fold increased mortality risk. The updated 2007 guidelines continue to recognize an increased likelihood that children with septic shock, compared with adults, require 1) proportionally larger quantities of fluid, 2) inotrope and vasodilator therapies, 3) hydrocortisone for absolute adrenal insufficiency, and 4) ECMO for refractory shock. The major new recommendation in the 2007 update is earlier use of inotrope support through peripheral access until central access is attained. CONCLUSION: The 2007 update continues to emphasize early use of age-specific therapies to attain time-sensitive goals, specifically recommending 1) first hour fluid resuscitation and inotrope therapy directed to goals of threshold heart rates, normal blood pressure, and capillary refill <or=2 secs, and 2) subsequent intensive care unit hemodynamic support directed to goals of central venous oxygen saturation >70% and cardiac index 3.3-6.0 L/min/m.

Huang SJ, Chen YS, Hong WC, Chang L, Han YY, Kao MC, Lien LM, Tu YK. · Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, ROC Taiwan. · Surg Neurol. · Pubmed #17071251 No free full text.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to evaluate 10% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.5) with regard to its clinical outcome and safety in the treatment of severe head injury. METHODS: Retrospective review of patient data from a prospectively designed standard treatment protocol for severe head injury. The standard protocol included (1) cerebral perfusion pressure higher than 60 mm Hg, (2) colloid solution (10% HES 200/0.5) 1000 mL/d in combination with crystalloid solution, (3) stepwise management of intracranial hypertension. Renal function, coagulation function, and electrolytes were evaluated every other day. The data of intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, intake, output, mannitol, complications, and outcome were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 78 patients, aged 45.61 +/- 21.80 years, in this study. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 6.35 +/- 1.38. Seventy-three patients received operations with intracranial pressure monitoring. Blood transfusion was surgery related (days 1 and 2); otherwise, it was rarely used (P<.05). Prolonged prothrombin time was shown only 7 (2.65%) times of 234 of blood sampling. There was no anaphylactic reaction, pulmonary complications, or renal function deterioration in the course of our observation. The chart review of the patients at 6 months revealed the following: favorable outcome, 55.1%; unfavorable outcome, 33.3%; and mortality, 11.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The 10% HES (200/0.5) can be used in the treatment protocol of severe head injury. There is no definite bleeding complications documented by current dosage of HES. Besides, balanced fluid management can be achieved without causing serious pulmonary complications. However, a further randomized, prospective study is needed to define the actual benefit of HES in fluid management and clinical outcome.

Huang SJ, Hong WC, Han YY, Chen YS, Wen CS, Tsai YS, Tu YK. · Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine and Hospitals, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. · J Clin Neurosci. · Pubmed #16908157 No free full text.

Abstract: In the past 5 years, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) management has become the standard in the treatment of severe head injuries. Guidelines published in 2000 suggest that CPP should be at least 70 mmHg; however, there is still debate about the optimal CPP. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these three widely used therapies: (i) intracranial pressure (ICP) targeted; (ii) CPP-targeted with CPP >70 mmHg; and (iii) modified CPP-targeted (mCPP) therapy with CPP >60 mmHg. The clinical procedures, complications and outcomes of patients in the different groups were compared. Data, including patient age, sex, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, ICP, CPP, fluid status, amount of mannitol and vasopressor used, daily fluid intake and output, complications and clinical results, were collected from 213 patients with severe head injuries over a 12-year period. Patients were categorized into three groups (ICP, CPP, mCPP) according to the treatment protocol used. Retrospective data collection was performed by chart review. The mortality rate was 28.6%, 14.3% and 13.5% in the ICP, CPP, and mCPP groups, respectively. Highest intake/output ratio, amount of vasopressor used and pulmonary complications were seen in the CPP patients. The mCPP patients showed the best clinical outcome and lowest complication rate. Although CPP-targeted therapy is the most recommended therapeutic protocol, our data show that patients treated with modified CPP-target therapy with CPP >60 mmHg have better clinical outcomes and fewer complications.

Huang SJ, Chang L, Han YY, Lee YC, Tu YK. · Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC. · Surg Neurol. · Pubmed #16720165 No free full text.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline (HS) in the treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. METHODS: This prospective, observational study was performed in an 11-bed neurosurgery intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. From February 2002 to September 2004, 18 severely head-injured patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 5 to 8 (mean, 5.9 +/- 1.2) were admitted to the unit and treated according to a standard protocol. One dose per day of 3% saline was administered by rapid infusion (300 mL/20 min) when ICP values exceeded 20 mm Hg. After infusion, cerebral blood flow, ICP, blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and heart rate were monitored continuously for 60 minutes and recorded. Serum osmolarity, sodium, potassium, chloride, arterial carbon dioxide pressure, arterial oxygen pressure, hemoglobin, lactic acid, and pH were measured immediately before infusion (zero time) and 20 and 60 minutes after infusion. Mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean flow velocity (MFV), and pulsatility index (PI) were also recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Intracranial pressure fell immediately after initiation of infusion with further significant decreases observed at 20 and 60 minutes (30.4 +/- 8.5, 24.3 +/- 7.4, and 23.8 +/- 8.3 mm Hg, respectively; P < .01). At these respective times CPP increased significantly (78.7 +/- 8.7, 83.2 +/- 7.8, and 87.2 +/- 12.8 mm Hg), PI dropped rapidly (1.51 +/- 0.42, 1.38 +/- 0.32, and 1.34 +/- 0.33) and MFV increased (66.26 +/- 25.91, 71.92 +/- 28.13, and 68.74 +/- 28.44). Serum sodium increased from 141.3 +/- 7.2 to 146.3 +/- 7.2 mmol/L after 20 minutes and returned to 144.3 +/- 7.36 mmol/L at 60 minutes. Potassium concentrations decreased significantly from 3.9 +/- 0.39 to 3.55 +/- 0.35 mmol/L after 20 minutes (P < .01). Lactic acid values at 0, 20, and 60 minutes were 1.6 +/- 0.5, 1.47 +/- 0.48, and 1.38 +/- 0.53 mmol/L, respectively (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Rapid infusion of single dose daily of HS is a safe alternative for the treatment of elevated ICP in severe head injury. Further evaluations of long-term consequences and complications and of maximal tolerance to this treatment are required.