Coronary Artery Disease: Bonow RO

Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS, Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Lytle BW, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Shah PM, Anonymous00383. · No affiliation provided · J Am Coll Cardiol. · Pubmed #18848134 No free full text.

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Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE, Gardner TJ, Lockhart PB, Moliterno DJ, O'Gara P, Whitlow P, Anonymous00301, Anonymous00302, Anonymous00303, Anonymous00304, Anonymous00305, Anonymous00306. · William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA. · J Am Dent Assoc. · Pubmed #17473044 links to  free full text

Abstract: BACKGROUND: and Overview. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine has been shown to reduce cardiac events after coronary stenting. However, many patients and health care providers prematurely discontinue dual antiplatelet therapy, which greatly increases the risk of stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction and death. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This advisory stresses the importance of 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after placement of a drug-eluting stent and educating patients and health care providers about hazards of premature discontinuation. It also recommends postponing elective surgery for one year, and if surgery cannot be deferred, considering the continuation of aspirin during the perioperative period in high-risk patients with drug-eluting stents.

Anonymous00282, Anonymous00283, Anonymous00284, Anonymous00285, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS, Smith SC, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Page RL, Riegel B. · No affiliation provided · Circulation. · Pubmed #16880336 links to  free full text

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Anonymous00057, Anonymous00058, Anonymous00059, Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, Grundy SM, Hiratzka L, Jones D, Krumholz HM, Mosca L, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Taubert KA. · No affiliation provided · J Am Coll Cardiol. · Pubmed #16697342 No free full text.

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Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Hendel RC, Miller DD, Bonow RO, Berman DS, Heller GV, Mieres JH, Bairey-Merz CN, Berman DS, Bonow RO, Cacciabaudo JM, Heller GV, Hendel RC, Kiess MC, Miller DD, Polk DM, Shaw LJ, Smanio PE, Walsh MN, Anonymous00349. · American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699, USA. · J Nucl Cardiol. · Pubmed #12569338 No free full text.

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Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Hendel RC, Miller DD, Bonow RO, Berman DS, Heller GV, Mieres JH, Bairey-Merz CN, Berman DS, Bonow RO, Cacciabaudo JM, Heller GV, Hendel RC, Kiess MC, Miller DD, Polk DM, Shaw LJ, Smanio PE, Walsh MN, Anonymous00349. · American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699, USA. · J Nucl Cardiol. · Pubmed #12569338 No free full text.

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Bonow RO. · Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. · JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. · Pubmed #19356423 No free full text.

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Vashist A, Bonow RO. · No affiliation provided · J Nucl Cardiol. · Pubmed #18371586 No free full text.

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Bonow RO. · No affiliation provided · J Am Coll Cardiol. · Pubmed #18371561 No free full text.

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Loscalzo J, Bonow RO, Jacobs AK. · No affiliation provided · Circulation. · Pubmed #15583087 links to  free full text

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Choudhury L, Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO. · No affiliation provided · Am J Cardiol. · Pubmed #11897215 No free full text.

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Flaherty JD, Bax JJ, De Luca L, Rossi JS, Davidson CJ, Filippatos G, Liu PP, Konstam MA, Greenberg B, Mehra MR, Breithardt G, Pang PS, Young JB, Fonarow GC, Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M, Anonymous00077. · Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. · J Am Coll Cardiol. · Pubmed #19147042 No free full text.

Abstract: Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) have emerged as a leading public health problem worldwide, accounting for a substantial number of hospitalizations and a high utilization of resources. Although in-hospital mortality rates are relatively low, patients with AHFS have very high early after-discharge mortality and rehospitalization rates. The majority of patients admitted with AHFS have coronary artery disease (CAD), which independently has an adverse impact on prognosis. The initial in-hospital and after-discharge management of AHFS may be dependent on clinical presentation: AHFS in patients with underlying CAD or acute coronary syndromes (ACS) complicated by heart failure. In addition, the extent and severity of CAD and the presence of ischemia and/or stunned/hibernating myocardium should be assessed for optimal management. Although the overall management of AHFS with CAD may be similar to that in patients with ACS complicated by heart failure, for which specific guidelines exist, management of the former is less well defined. Prospective studies of the assessment and treatment of CAD in patients with AHFS are urgently needed.

Beohar N, Erdogan AK, Lee DC, Sabbah HN, Kern MJ, Teerlink J, Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M. · Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. · J Am Coll Cardiol. · Pubmed #18582629 No free full text.

Abstract: Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS), with a high post-discharge mortality and rehospitalization rate, represent a significant public health burden. The treatment of patients hospitalized with AHFS often includes the use of vasoactive medications such as inotropes and vasodilators. Although such agents are frequently used, their safety and efficacy remain controversial. A significant number of patients with heart failure have underlying coronary artery disease and may be at greater risk from hemodynamic alterations that can diminish coronary perfusion. In AHFS, the relationship among vasoactive medications, coronary perfusion, and potential myocardial injury needs further investigation. Newer techniques now available to evaluate coronary perfusion should provide guidance for the evaluation of existing and future vasoactive therapies for AHFS.

Gheorghiade M, Sopko G, De Luca L, Velazquez EJ, Parker JD, Binkley PF, Sadowski Z, Golba KS, Prior DL, Rouleau JL, Bonow RO. · Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Galter 10-240, 201 E Huron St, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. · Circulation. · Pubmed #16966596 links to  free full text

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Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Dilsizian V. · Division of Cardiology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. · J Nucl Cardiol. · Pubmed #15173779 No free full text.

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Piccini JP, Klein L, Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO. · Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. · Am J Med. · Pubmed #15019864 No free full text.

Abstract: Heart failure affects nearly 5 million people in the United States and is a major contributor to mortality, hospitalization, and medical costs. Approximately 40% of patients with heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function, thus exhibiting diastolic heart failure. More common in women and the elderly, this condition is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or atrial fibrillation. With the exception of the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) and the Candesartin in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)-Preserved trials, no completed large randomized clinical trial has addressed the management of such patients. Symptomatic treatment involves administration of diuretics and nitrates, but long-term management with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers targets the underlying disorders. Recent studies found that diabetes mellitus produces functional, biochemical, and morphologic myocardial abnormalities independent of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. These abnormalities may result in impaired left ventricular diastolic function, contributing importantly to heart failure with normal systolic function. Although tight glycemic control decreases the risk of heart failure in patients with diabetes, the effects of different diabetic treatment regimens on heart failure with normal systolic function are unknown and remain subject to future investigation.

Borer JS, Bonow RO. · Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and The Howard Gilman Institute for Valvular Heart Diseases, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. · Circulation. · Pubmed #14623790 links to  free full text

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Bonow RO. · Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical School, 201 East Huron Street Suite 10-240 Chicago, IL 60611 USA. · Ital Heart J. · Pubmed #12066559 No free full text.

Abstract: In a large subset of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. LV performance is reduced on the basis of regionally ischemic or hibernating myocardium rather than irreversibly infarcted myocardium. The detection of reversibly dysfunctional myocardium is clinically relevant, as regional and global LV function in such patients may improve substantially after revascularization. Noninvasive imaging methods to assess myocardial metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and inotropic reserve are ideally suited for this assessment. Among these are the unique potential of nuclear cardiology techniques to distinguish viable regions on the basis of perfusion, cell membrane integrity, and metabolic activity and the ability of dobutamine echocardiography to assess regional inotropic reserve. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has also emerged as important method for viability. assessment. Patients with LV dysfunction and extensive regions of hibernating myocarduim appear to have the potential not only for improved left ventricular function after revascularization, but also for improved symptoms and improved survial. This, assessing myocardial viability may provide important information regarding the selection of patients with LV dysfunction for myocardial revascularization procedures.

Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, Grundy SM, Hiratzka L, Jones D, Krumholz HM, Mosca L, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Taubert KA, Anonymous00089, Anonymous00090. · No affiliation provided · Circulation. · Pubmed #16702489 links to  free full text

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Ricciardi MJ, Wu E, Davidson CJ, Choi KM, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM, Kim RJ. · Feinberg Cardiovascular Institute and the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. · Circulation. · Pubmed #11401931 links to  free full text

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mild elevations in creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) are common after successful percutaneous coronary interventions and are associated with future adverse cardiac events. The mechanism for CK-MB release remains unclear. A new contrast-enhanced MRI technique allows direct visualization of myonecrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen patients without prior infarction underwent cine and contrast-enhanced MRI after successful coronary stenting; 9 patients had procedure-related CK-MB elevation, and 5 did not (negative controls). The mean age of all patients was 61 years, 36% had diabetes, 43% had multivessel coronary artery disease, and all had a normal ejection fraction. Twelve patients (86%) received an intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor; none underwent atherectomy, and all had final TIMI 3 flow. Of the 9 patients with CK-MB elevation, 5 had a minor side branch occlusion during stenting, 2 had transient ECG changes, and none developed Q-waves. The median CK-MB was 21 ng/mL (range, 12 to 93 ng/mL), which is 2.3x the upper limit of normal. Contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrated discrete regions of hyperenhancement within the target vessel perfusion territory in all 9 patients. Only one developed a new wall motion abnormality. The median estimated mass of myonecrosis was 2.0 g (range, 0.7 to 12.2 g), or 1.5% of left ventricular mass (range, 0.4% to 6.0%). Hyperenhancement persisted in 5 of the 6 who underwent a repeat MRI at 3 to 12 months. No control patient had hyperenhancement. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced MRI provides an anatomical correlate to biochemical evidence of procedure-related myocardial injury, despite the lack of ECG changes or wall motion abnormalities. Mild elevation of CK-MB after percutaneous coronary intervention is the result of discrete microinfarction.

Cusick DA, Bonow RO, Chaudhry FA. · Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA. · Echocardiography. · Pubmed #11000589 No free full text.

Abstract: The objective of this article was to determine whether the presence of left ventricular apical thrombus is a marker of nonviable myocardium. Reduced coronary blood flow secondary to atherosclerosis may result in chronic reversible left ventricular wall-motion abnormalities. Severe regional abnormalities also predispose to formation of left ventricular thrombus. The relationship between left ventricular apical thrombus and myocardial viability has not been previously described. Eighty patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular dysfunction were studied by dobutamine stress echocardiography. Left ventricular apical thrombus was identified using echocardiographic criteria. Wall-motion analysis was performed using a standard 16-segment model and ejection fraction was calculated. As a result, 48 patients (60%) had definite or highly suspicious findings for left ventricular thrombus (group 1), and 32 patients (40%) had no thrombus (group 2). Group 1 had significantly higher composite (54.0 +/- 5.8 vs 43.3 +/- 6.4) and apical (6.0 +/- 2.7 vs 12.4 +/- 3.4) wall-motion scores compared to those in group 2 (P = 0.01). Thirty-two patients (67%) in group 1 demonstrated no contractile reserve in the apical segments, consistent with lack of viability, versus eight patients (25%) in group 2 (P = 0.0003). The number of viable apical segments per patient was significantly less in group 1 (0.7 +/- 1.2) versus group 2 (1.8 +/- 1.3) (P = 0.01). Left ventricular apical thrombus is more likely to be present when there is absence of myocardial viability in the corresponding segments.

Johnson NP, Wu E, Bonow RO, Holly TA. · Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. · Am J Cardiol. · Pubmed #18929704 No free full text.

Abstract: The relative impact of body mass index (BMI) and exercise capacity on mortality in patients with an intermediate to high likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) is not clear. Thus, the effect of BMI and exercise capacity on all-cause mortality in patients referred for stress myocardial perfusion imaging was investigated. The outcome of 2,119 patients undergoing exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging from 1995 to 1999 was assessed. Patients lacked known CAD, but were at intermediate to high risk. Mortality outcome data were obtained from the Social Security Administration Death Master File. There were 183 deaths during an average follow-up of 8.4 +/- 1.4 years. A Cox proportional hazards model identified age, Bruce protocol exercise time, BMI, male gender, and diabetes mellitus as significant predictors of all-cause mortality. In multivariate analysis, both exercise capacity and BMI correlated inversely with mortality, with higher chi-squared impact related to exercise capacity than BMI. In conclusion, both increased exercise capacity and BMI were associated with lower mortality in patients with an intermediate to high likelihood of CAD after controlling for confounding variables, supporting an inverse impact of BMI on mortality. The origin for this "obesity paradox" is unclear.

Harinstein ME, Flaherty JD, Ansari AH, Robin J, Davidson CJ, Rossi JS, Flamm SL, Blei AT, Bonow RO, Abecassis M, Gheorghiade M. · Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. · Am J Transplant. · Pubmed #18510630 No free full text.

Abstract: Patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are at increased risk of poor outcomes. The accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) to detect obstructive CAD is not well established in this population. We retrospectively identified patients with end-stage liver disease who underwent both DSE and coronary angiography as part of risk stratification prior to OLT. One hundred and five patients had both DSE and angiography, of whom 14 had known CAD and 27 failed to reach target heart rate during DSE. Among the remaining 64 patients (45 men; average age 61 +/- 8 years) DSE had a low sensitivity (13%), high specificity (85%), low positive predictive value (PPV) (22%) and intermediate negative predictive value (NPV) (75%) for obstructive CAD. DSE as a screening test for obstructive CAD in OLT candidates has a poor sensitivity. The frequent chronotropic incompetence and low sensitivity in patients who achieve target heart rate, even in those with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors, suggest that alternative or additional methods of risk stratification are necessary.

Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, O'Connor CM, Oh JK, Bonow RO, Pohost GM, Feldman AM, Mark DB, Panza JA, Sopko G, Rouleau JL, Jones RH, Anonymous00315. · Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA. · J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. · Pubmed #18023680 No free full text.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The rationale and design of the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial is described. Before the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial, less than 1000 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had been studied in randomized comparisons of medical therapy versus coronary artery bypass grafting. Trial data reflect how these therapies were delivered more than 20 years ago and do not indicate the relative benefits of medical therapy versus coronary artery bypass grafting in contemporary practice. METHODS: Randomization of consenting patients with heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.35 or less, and coronary artery disease is based on whether patients are judged by attending physicians to be candidates only for coronary artery bypass grafting or can be treated with medical therapy without coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients eligible for surgical ventricular reconstruction because of significant anterior wall akinesis or dyskinesis but ineligible for medical therapy are randomly assigned to coronary artery bypass grafting with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. Patients eligible for medical therapy are randomly assigned between medical therapy only and medical therapy with coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients eligible for all 3 are randomly assigned evenly to medical therapy only, medical therapy and coronary artery bypass grafting, or medical therapy and coronary artery bypass grafting and surgical ventricular reconstruction. Major substudies will examine quality of life, cost-effectiveness, changes in left ventricular volumes, effect of myocardial viability, selected biomarkers, and selected polymorphisms on treatment differences. RESULTS: Enrollment is now complete in both STICH hypotheses. Follow-up will continue until sufficient end points are available to address both hypotheses with at least 90% power. The primary outcome of hypothesis 2 is expected to be reported in 2009. The primary outcome of hypothesis 1 is expected to be reported in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure trial is a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded multicenter international randomized trial addressing 2 specific primary hypotheses: (1) coronary artery bypass grafting with intensive medical therapy improves long-term survival compared with survival with medical therapy alone, and (2) in patients with anterior left ventricular dysfunction, surgical ventricular reconstruction to a more normal left ventricular size plus coronary artery bypass grafting improves survival free of subsequent hospitalization for cardiac cause when compared with that with coronary artery bypass grafting alone.

Bax JJ, Young LH, Frye RL, Bonow RO, Steinberg HO, Barrett EJ, Anonymous00254. · Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. · Diabetes Care. · Pubmed #17901530 links to  free full text

Abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for a large fraction of the morbidity, mortality, and cost of diabetes. Recognizing this, nearly 10 years ago the American Diabetes Association published a consensus recommendation that clinicians consider a risk factor-guided screening approach to early diagnosis of CAD in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Subsequent clinical trial results have not supported those recommendations. Since the prior consensus statement, newer imaging methods, such as coronary artery calcium scoring and noninvasive angiography with computed tomography (CT) techniques, have come into use. These technologies, which allow quantitation of atherosclerotic burden and can predict risk of cardiac events, might provide an approach to more widespread coronary atherosclerosis screening. However, over this same time interval, there has been recognition of diabetes as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) equivalent, clear demonstration that medical interventions should provide primary and secondary CVD risk reduction in diabetic populations, and suggestive evidence that percutaneous coronary revascularization may not provide additive survival benefit to intensive medical management in patients with stable CAD. This additional evidence raises the question of whether documenting asymptomatic atherosclerosis or ischemia in people with diabetes is warranted. More data addressing this issue will be forthcoming from the BARI 2-D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes) trial. Until then, for patients with type 2 diabetes who are asymptomatic for CAD, we recommend that testing for atherosclerosis or ischemia, perhaps with cardiac CT as the initial test, be reserved for those in whom medical treatment goals cannot be met and for selected individuals in whom there is strong clinical suspicion of very-high-risk CAD. Better approaches to identify such individuals based on readily obtained clinical variables are sorely needed.