Rheumatoid Arthritis: Heimer D

Avnon LS, Abu-Shakra M, Flusser D, Heimer D, Sion-Vardy N. · Pulmonary Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. · Rheumatol Int. · Pubmed #17294192 No free full text.

Abstract: Pleural involvement is the most frequent manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the chest. We report here two patients who presented with large exudative pleural effusions and subsequently developed sero-positive RA. In both cases, the differential cell count of the pleural effusion suggested empyema. A literature review identified that RA-associated pleural effusion afflicts more men than women and 95% of the patients have high titers of rheumatoid factor (RF). In 46% of cases, RA-associated pleural effusion is diagnosed in close temporal relationship with the diagnosis of RA. The effusion is an exudate and is characterized by low pH and glucose level, and high lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and cell count. At diagnosis there is a tendency for predominant neutrophils to occur consistent with an empyema and 7-11 days later, the cells in the pleural effusion are replaced by lymphocytes. Pleural effusion with predominant eosinophilia is rare. RA patients with acidic effusion and low glucose content with neutrophils predominance should be treated with thoracic drainage and antibiotics until an infection is ruled out. The histo-pathologic findings in pleural fluid of tadpole cells and multinucleated giant cells and the replacement of the mesothelial cells on the parietal pleural surface with a palisade of macrophage derived cells are described as pathogonomic for RA. Treatment with systemic steroids and intra-pleural steroids are effective in most cases.

Avnon LS, Manzur F, Bolotin A, Heimer D, Flusser D, Buskila D, Sukenik S, Abu-Shakra M. · Pulmonary Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. · Isr Med Assoc J. · Pubmed #19432035 links to  free full text

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A high incidence of abnormal pulmonary function tests has been reported in cross-sectional studies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Few patients have been enrolled in longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVES: To perform PFT in rheumatoid arthritic patients without pulmonary involvement and to identify variables related to changes in PFT over 5 years of follow-up. METHODS: Consecutive RA patients underwent PFT according to recommendations of the American Thoracic Society. All surviving patients were advised to repeat the examination 5 years later. RESULTS: PFT was performed in 82 patients (21 men, 61 women). Their mean age was 55.7 (15.9) years and the mean RA duration was 11.1 (10) years. Five years later 15 patients (18.3%) had died. Among the 67 surviving patients, 38 (56.7%) agreed to participate in a follow-up study. The initial PFT revealed normal PFT in only 30 patients (36.6%); an obstructive ventilatory defect in 2 (2.4%), a small airway defect in 12 (17%), a restrictive ventilatory defect in 21 (25.6%), and reduced DLco in 17 (20.7%). Among the 38 patients participating in the 5 year follow-up study, 8 developed respiratory symptoms, one patient had a new obstructive ventilatory defect, one patient developed a restrictive ventilatory defect, and 5 patients had a newly developed small airway defect. The DLco had improved in 7 of the 8 patients who initially had reduced DLco, reaching normal values in 5 patients. Over the study period a new reduction in DLco was observed in 7 patients. Linear regression analyses failed to identify any patient or disease-specific characteristics that could predict a worsening in PFT. The absolute yearly decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec among our RA patients was 47 ml/year, a decline similar to that seen among current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Serial PFT among patients with RA is indicated and allows for earlier identification of various ventilatory defects. Small airways disturbance was a common finding in our RA patients.