Anxiety Disorders: Fallu A

McIntyre RS, Fallu A, Konarski JZ. · Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. · Clin Ther. · Pubmed #17213009 No free full text.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are highly prevalent, heterogeneous, and of multifactorial etiology. Collectively, they are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Wellness is the optimal outcome in the management of chronic medical and psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES: This review provides a synopsis of definitions and operational criteria for remission in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The overall goals were to propose a treatment framework that gives primacy to therapeutic outcomes and to provide a rationale for psychiatry to quantify and measure patient outcome. METHODS: Articles proposing definitions for remission were identified using a MEDLINE search (1966-April 2005) of the English-language literature (key terms: remission, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia). RESULTS: Operationalizing and quantifying critical end points in psychiatric disorders may help sharpen the focus of therapeutic activity and benefit patient outcome. In the absence of a validated biomarker of psychiatric illness activity, symptomatic remission and functional restoration are the only available markers of wellness in psychiatry. There is an emerging consensus regarding a definition for remission in major depressive disorder; several working definitions for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders have been proposed. Developments in adult mood disorders-albeit incomplete-have been informative; managing psychiatric disorders that first appear in childhood (eg, ADHD) may also benefit by objectifying patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Research is needed to determine the impact of applying a remission-focused model of illness management--emphasizing quantifiable, objective, and measurable end points--on overall patient outcomes.

Kennedy S, McIntyre R, Fallu A, Lam R. · Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. · J Psychiatry Neurosci. · Pubmed #12174736 links to  free full text

Abstract: Full remission should be the goal of antidepressant therapy; anything less leaves the patient with residual symptoms and an increased risk of relapse and recurrence. Most antidepressant agents offer similar rates of response, but there are some differences in the ability of different agents to promote a full remission. The greatest chance of achieving full remission occurs early in the course of treatment; thus, initial antidepressant strategies should be those that have the greatest therapeutic potential. Other strategies that may help improve the chances of achieving full remission include optimizing drug dosages and using combination and augmentation strategies. Failure to achieve full remission and early discontinuation of antidepressant therapy have been associated with a greater incidence of relapse and recurrence. Continued antidepressant therapy has clearly been shown to effectively reduce the probability of relapse and recurrence by about half compared with placebo. Therefore, once a patient achieves remission, it is important to continue the same antidepressant therapy for at least 6-12 months and, for many patients, considerably longer. Medication should continue at the dose that was initially effective because using low-dose maintenance therapy appears to decrease the protective benefits.

McIntosh D, Kutcher S, Binder C, Levitt A, Fallu A, Rosenbluth M. · Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; · Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. · Pubmed #19557108 links to  free full text

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Many patients present to their physician with depression as their primary symptom. However, depression may mask other comorbid disorders. This article presents diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations (and monitoring) pertaining to the diagnosis of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which may be missed in patients who present with depressive symptoms, or major depressive disorder (MDD). Other co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, substance use, and bipolar disorder are briefly discussed. METHODS: A panel of psychiatrist-clinicians with expertise in the area of child and adolescent ADHD and mood disorders, adult mood disorders, and adult ADHD was convened. A literature search for recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of co-occurring conditions (MDD, anxiety symptoms, and substance use) with adult ADHD was performed. Based on this, and the panel's clinical expertise, the authors developed a diagnostic algorithm and recommendations for the treatment of adult ADHD with co-occurring MDD. RESULTS: Little information exists to assist clinicians in diagnosing ADHD co-occurring with other disorders such as MDD. A three-step process was developed by the panel to aid in the screening and diagnosis of adult ADHD. In addition, comorbid MDD, bipolar disorder, anxiety symptoms, substance use and cardiovascular concerns regarding stimulant use are discussed. CONCLUSION: This article provides clinicians with a clinically relevant overview of the literature on comorbid ADHD and depression and offers a clinically useful diagnostic algorithm and treatment suggestions.

Yatham LN, Fallu A, Binder CE. · Mood Disorders Program, The University of British Columbia, UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. · Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. · Pubmed #17688463 No free full text.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of long-acting injectable risperidone (LAI-ris) add-on in bipolar patients. METHOD: A 6-month, open-label, randomized, pilot trial enrolled 49 bipolar out-patients who were taking a mood stabilizer and an atypical antipsychotic (AAP). Patients were maintained on a mood stabilizer and were randomized to continuation of their current AAP or switched to LAI-ris treatment. Safety outcomes included adverse events and changes in vital signs, laboratory tests and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Effectiveness measures included Clinical Global Impression-Severity, scales assessing mania, depression, anxiety, resource utilization, quality of life, subject satisfaction with treatment, and time to intervention. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were randomized to LAI-ris and 26 to oral AAP. There were no significant differences between the groups in adverse events, EPS change scores, weight or other safety measures. LAI-ris group had significant reductions in symptoms as measured by changes in Clinical Global Impression-Severity scores and Young Mania Rating Scale at endpoint relative to baseline and oral AAP group had reductions in Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores relative to baseline but no significant differences were noted between the groups on any of the efficacy measures. CONCLUSION: LAI-ris demonstrated similar effectiveness, safety and tolerability compared to oral AAP in this 6 month pilot trial.